5.5 Legal and Ethical Concerns 法律与伦理问题

While computing innovations are typically designed to achieve a specific purpose, they may have unintended consequences.

• 虽然计算创新通常旨在实现特定目的，但它们可能产生意想不到的后果。

核心要点 Core Points

1. Material created on a computer is the intellectual property of the creator or an organization.

   • 在计算机上创建的材料是创造者或组织的知识产权。

2. Ease of access and distribution of digitized information raises intellectual property concerns regarding ownership, value, and use.

   • 数字化信息的易于访问和分发引发了关于所有权、价值和使用知识产权的担忧。

3. Measures should be taken to safeguard intellectual property.

   • 应该采取措施保护知识产权。

4. The use of material created by someone else without permission and presented as one's own is plagiarism and may have legal consequences.

   • 未经许可使用他人创建的材料并将其作为自己的材料是剽窃，可能产生法律后果。

5. Some examples of legal ways to use materials created by someone else include:

   • 使用他人创建材料的合法方式的一些例子包括：
   • Creative Commons—a public copyright license that enables the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. This is used when the content creator wants to give others the right to share, use, and build upon the work they have created.
     • 知识共享——一种公共版权许可证，允许免费分发原本受版权保护的作品。当内容创造者想要给予他人分享、使用和基于他们创建的作品进行构建的权利时使用。
   • open source—programs that are made freely available and may be redistributed and modified
     • 开源——免费提供的程序，可以重新分发和修改
   • open access—online research output free of any and all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use, such as copyright or license restrictions
     • 开放获取——在线研究输出，不受任何访问限制，也不受许多使用限制，如版权或许可证限制

6. The use of material created by someone other than you should always be cited.

   • 使用他人创建的材料应该始终引用。

7. Creative Commons, open source, and open access have enabled broad access to digital information.

   • 知识共享、开源和开放获取使数字信息得到广泛访问。

8. As with any technology or medium, using computing to harm individuals or groups of people raises legal and ethical concerns.

   • 与任何技术或媒介一样，使用计算伤害个人或群体引发法律和伦理问题。

9. Computing can play a role in social and political issues, which in turn often raises legal and ethical concerns.

   • 计算可以在社会和政治问题中发挥作用，这反过来经常引发法律和伦理问题。

10. The digital divide raises ethical concerns around computing.

    • 数字鸿沟引发围绕计算伦理问题。

11. Computing innovations can raise legal and ethical concerns. Some examples of these include:

    • 计算创新可以引发法律和伦理问题。这些的一些例子包括：
    • the development of software that allows access to digital media downloads and streaming
      • 开发允许访问数字媒体下载和流媒体的软件
    • the development of algorithms that include bias
      • 开发包含偏见的算法
    • the existence of computing devices that collect and analyze data by continuously monitoring activities
      • 通过持续监控活动收集和分析数据的计算设备的存在

学生活动 Student Activities

1. Explain how the use of computing can raise legal and ethical concerns.
   • 解释计算的使用如何引发法律和伦理问题。

相关资源 Related Resources

• Ethical Use of the Computer from College Board

  • 计算机的伦理使用 来自大学理事会

• ACM Tech News from Association for Computing Machinery

  • ACM技术新闻 来自计算机械协会

• Blown to Bits: Chapter 7 - Understanding the Digital World

  • Blown to Bits：第7章 - 理解数字世界