5.1 Beneficial and Harmful Effects 有益与有害影响

While computing innovations are typically designed to achieve a specific purpose, they may have unintended consequences.

• 虽然计算创新通常旨在实现特定目的，但它们可能产生意想不到的后果。

核心要点 Core Points

1. People create computing innovations.

   • 人们创造计算创新。

2. The way people complete tasks often changes to incorporate new computing innovations.

   • 人们完成任务的方式经常改变以融入新的计算创新。

3. Not every effect of a computing innovation is anticipated in advance.

   • 并非每个计算创新的影响都是预先预期的。

4. A single effect can be viewed as both beneficial and harmful by different people, or even by the same person.

   • 单一影响可以被不同的人，甚至同一个人视为既有益又有害。

5. Advances in computing have generated and increased creativity in other fields, such as medicine, engineering, communications, and the arts.

   • 计算的进步在其他领域产生并增加了创造力，如医学、工程、通信和艺术。

6. Computing innovations can be used in ways that their creators had not originally intended. Examples include:

   • 计算创新可以以其创造者最初未预期的方式使用。例子包括：
   • The World Wide Web was originally intended only for rapid and easy exchange of information within the scientific community.
     • 万维网最初只是为了在科学界内快速和容易地交换信息。
   • Targeted advertising is used to help businesses, but it can be misused at both individual and aggregate levels.
     • 定向广告用于帮助企业，但它可能在个人和总体层面被滥用。
   • Machine learning and data mining have enabled innovation in medicine, business, and science, but information discovered in this way has also been used to discriminate against groups of individuals.
     • 机器学习和数据挖掘在医学、商业和科学领域实现了创新，但以这种方式发现的信息也被用来歧视个人群体。

7. Some of the ways computing innovations can be used may have a harmful impact on society, the economy, or culture.

   • 计算创新的一些使用方式可能对社会、经济或文化产生有害影响。

8. Responsible programmers try to consider the unintended ways their computing innovations can be used and the potential beneficial and harmful effects of these new uses.

   • 负责任的程序员试图考虑其计算创新可能被使用的意外方式以及这些新用途的潜在有益和有害影响。

9. It is not possible for a programmer to consider all the ways a computing innovation can be used.

   • 程序员不可能考虑计算创新可以被使用的所有方式。

10. Computing innovations have often had unintended beneficial effects by leading to advances in other fields.

    • 计算创新通过导致其他领域的进步经常产生意想不到的有益影响。

11. Rapid sharing of a program or running a program with a large number of users can result in significant impacts beyond the intended purpose or control of the programmer.

    • 程序的快速共享或与大量用户运行程序可能产生超出程序员预期目的或控制的重大影响。

学生活动 Student Activities

1. Explain how an effect of a computing innovation can be both beneficial and harmful.

   • 解释计算创新的影响如何既有益又有害。

2. Explain how a computing innovation can have an impact beyond its intended purpose.

   • 解释计算创新如何产生超出其预期目的的影响。

相关资源 Related Resources

• ACM Tech News from Association for Computing Machinery
  • ACM技术新闻 来自计算机械协会